a mathematical riddle from my inbox
Earlier this year I received a cheerful, pleasant riddle from a cheerful, pleasant fellow named Simon.
Today, as my mother (born in 1947) turns 74, I realized that I (born 1983) will turn 38 this year. Investigating it further, it turns out that this year everybody whose sum of digits (last two digits) of year of birth is 11 gets this result. Examples:
Born Age in 2021
1929 92
1938 83
1947 74
1956 65
1965 56
1974 47
1983 38
1992 29How is that? I fail to find the mathematic principle that leads to this result. Would you care to help?
First: Happy belated birthday to Simon’s mother!
Second: What a nifty observation. Exactly the kind of head-scratcher I love to bring into the classroom.
Admittedly, facts about digits rarely strike at deep mathematics. After all, the patterns vanish when translated out of base ten. But who cares? They’re a fun playground for conjectures, and good practice at teasing out “funny coincidence” from “necessary consequence.”
So let me pose my own question, a riff on Simon’s: How special is this year for digit-swapping birthdays?
Spoilers follow!
Everybody will have a digit-swapping birthday. Let’s say the last two digits of your birthyear are ab (as in 19ab or 20ab or, if you are the oldest person on earth, 18ab). In that case, your digit-swapping birthday occurs when you turn ba years old.
In what year does this happen? Well, it works like this:
- Begin with the century of your birth (1900 or 2000).
- Add a decades and b years (to get to your birth year).
- Add b decades and a years (to get to your digit-swapping year).
Thus, if we define n as a+b, your digit-swapping year is [century] + n decades + n years.
If n < 10, then things are pretty simple. Your digit-swapping birthday happens in the same century as your birth, in a year of the form 19nn or 20nn.
N | Digit Swapping Year | Birth Years |
1 | 1911 | 1901, 1910 |
2 | 1922 | 1902, 1911, 1920 |
3 | 1933 | 1903, 1912, 1921, 1930 |
4 | 1944 | 1904, 1913, 1922, 1931, 1940 |
5 | 1955 | 1905, 1914, 1923, 1932, 1941, 1950 |
6 | 1966 | 1906, 1915, 1924, 1933, 1942, 1951, 1960 |
7 | 1977 | 1907, 1916, 1925, 1934, 1943, 1952, 1961, 1970 |
8 | 1988 | 1908, 1917, 1926, 1935, 1944, 1953, 1962, 1971, 1980 |
9 | 1999 | 1909, 1918, 1927, 1936, 1945, 1954, 1963, 1972, 1981, 1990 |
But what n > 9? Then your digit-swapping birthday will land in the century after your birth, and will occur in a year of the form 20(n – 9)(n -10).
N | Digit Swapping Year | Birth Years |
10 | 2010 | 1919, 1928, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1964, 1973, 1982, 1991 |
11 | 2021 | 1929, 1938, 1947, 1956, 1965, 1974, 1983, 1992 |
12 | 2032 | 1939, 1948, 1957, 1966, 1975, 1984, 1993 |
13 | 2043 | 1949, 1958, 1967, 1976, 1985, 1994 |
14 | 2054 | 1959, 1968, 1977, 1986, 1995 |
15 | 2065 | 1969, 1978, 1987, 1996 |
16 | 2076 | 1979, 1988, 1997 |
17 | 2087 | 1989, 1998 |
18 | 2098 | 1999 |
In each century, there are 100 birth cohorts. Their digit-swapping birthdays come in clusters: 9 pairs of years, scattered across the century, in the form 20c(c-1) and 20cc, for c = 1 to 9. In each pair of years, exactly 11 cohorts celebrate digit-swapping birthdays.
First Year | Cohorts | Second Year | Cohorts |
2010 | 9 (turning 91, 82, 73, 64, 55, 46, 37, 28, 19) | 2011 | 2 (turning 1, 10) |
2021 | 8 (turning 92, 93, 74, 65, 56, 47, 38, 29) | 2022 | 3 (turning 2, 11, 20) |
2032 | 7 (turning 93, 84, 75, 66, 57, 48, 39) | 2033 | 4 (turning 3, 12, 21, 30) |
2043 | 6 (turning 94, 85, 76, 67, 58, 49) | 2044 | 5 (turning 4, 13, 22, 31, 40) |
2054 | 5 (turning 95, 86, 77, 68, 59) | 2055 | 6 (turning 5, 14, 23, 32, 41, 50) |
2065 | 4 (turning 96, 87, 78, 69) | 2066 | 7 (turning 6, 15, 24, 33, 42, 51, 60) |
2076 | 3 (turning 97, 88, 79) | 2077 | 8 (turning 7, 16, 25, 34, 43, 52, 61, 70) |
2087 | 2 (turning 98, 89) | 2088 | 9 (turning 8, 17, 26, 35, 44, 53, 62, 71, 80) |
2098 | 1 (turning 99) | 2099 | 10 (turning 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90) |
Hey, that’s only 99 cohorts. What about the final cohort?
Well, those born in 2000 don’t really get a digit-swapping birthday. Or perhaps they get two: one right away, in 2000, and another in 2100, if they can live to a century.
Finally, an answer to the riddle!
2021 has eight digit-swapping cohorts. That ties it with 2088 for third-most, trailing only the nine-cohort years of 2010 and 2099. That puts it at the 96th percentile of digit-swapping specialness. In short: this year is more special than 24 out of 25 years.
Pretty special!
My mother (born in 47, turned 74 this year) and I (born in 74, turning 47 this year) have simultaneous digit swapping birthdays this year which we think is pretty darn geeky cool!
Hola,
nice explanation.
There is also other way to calculate digit swapping year – you add reversed age to the year you born e.g. 1987 -> 1987+78 = 2065; 1947->1947+74 = 2021. 🙂
Could 2021 be even more special? I was born in 1966 and I turned 55. People born in 1955 turned 66 this year. 1977 turned 44 and 1944 turned 77. 33 became 88 and vice versa and 22 became 99.